The effects of homelessness: Literature and research

The effects of unsettledness Literature and researchMini Paper 1Intervention Research with the unsettledIntroductionThe effects of statelessness as a affable origin are both wide reaching, and baffling to grasp in its scope. It is a circumstance of transfigureing severity, which people may move through for opposite lengths of measure and for different reasons, making it challenging to establish an accurate breadth of its range (Biswas-Diener Diener, 2006 Parsell, 2011). Link and colleagues (1994) deem estimated that 14% of the United landed estates may experience homelessness at some point in their aliveness. According to The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2011) there may be as many as 400,000 homeless individuals in the United States on a given day, and that 1,500,000 people may experience homelessness at bottom the span of a year (HUD, 2011). A persons familiarity with the homeless condition testament vary depending on whether they experience it chr onically, temporarily, or periodically (Rivlin, 1990). People may experience homelessness as a go away of unemployment, natural or human-constructed adversity, mental illness, or a combination of factors (Hagen, 1987). The influences that can to the condition of homelessness may in addition play a hand in the progression and outcome of the person experiencing it, be it mental wellness or snapper abuse issues, personal crisis, or systemic pitfalls (Chamberlain Johnson, 2013). As a result of the likely reasons someone may enter homelessness, the rates and demographics of the homeless existence vary among regions of the United States (HRI, 2012), and fluctuate in time. From the period of 2009 to 2012, homelessness as a whole decreased by 1% despite the conditions of the economic downturn, spell the come in of people who would have been homeless but instead doubled up with friends or family subjoin by 13% during this same time period (HRI, 2012). Predictors risk problemWhile any number of circumstances may contribute to the condition of homelessness, The Homeless Research Institute (2012) has identified four population groups who are at an increased risk of entering homelessness people life story with family and friends for economic reasons, prisoners who have been latterly released, people aging out of foster care, and the medically uninsured. At its core, whether or non someone will enter or expiration the condition of homelessness is influenced by a persons income, their access to supports and fond service resources, and the cost of available housing. As a result, other socioeconomic conditions associated with marginalization can increase a persons risk of entering homelessness, such as unemployment or mental illness, and the condition of homelessness itself may even serve to fortify these things (Goodman, Saxe, Harvey, 1991 Thoits, 1982). Knowledge base/theoretical explanationsNo clear guess explains the phenomenon of chronic homelessness be tter or more appropriately than another, although the perspective adopted will affect the explanations and constructs that are accounted and controlled for within research. For example, the social estrangement model posits that upon entering homelessness people experience a general sand of alienation and proceed to adapt to a lifestyle that reinforces this estrangement (Grigsby, Baumann, Gregorich Roberts-Gray, 1990). The concept of estrangement has been adapted into a measured scale, and this model has been used in research to examine the reintroduction of employment into the lives of the homeless as a potential noise to decrease ones sense of estrangement and reintegrate back into purchase order (Ferguson et al., 2012). Social constructionism has been used to explain homelessness as an artificial construct that is used to describe an extreme bring of poverty that actually exists on a spectrum, and is not the binary distinction that is used to give a blanket bringing close t ogether to what actually amounts to a diverse range of experiences within the homeless population (Tosi, 2010). This idea has led to research and programs that operate with a continuum definition of homelessness (Anderson, Tulloch, 2000). Social alienation theory has also been tested in the form of measuring the change of social support network of homeless expectants across time spent homeless (Eyrich, Pollio North, 2003).Key research questions/intervention proposalsBecause of the variety of factors that may exacerbate or contribute to homelessness, there are consequently any number of potential interventions and plains of concern to address. Researchers have found it effective to distinguish among cultural or demographic subgroups within the homeless population to address the concerns that appear to be more pertinent to a given subgroup (Aubry et al., 2012). Such distinctions may seek to reduce destructive behaviors or victimization associated with the homeless lifestyle itsel f (Justus, Burling Weingardt, 2006). From a broader perspective, investigators may attempt to determine how the homeless will dress hat establish and maintain long-term housing (Groton, 2013), as well as how to maximize computer memory and interest of services for the homeless in general (Padgett et al., 2008).Intervention research that concerns itself with the homeless population must polish off educated assumptions about the most salient issues worth addressing, the causes of those issues that may be controlled, and the types of outcomes that should be attained. Meaningful intervention research should attempt to identify questions that address the preventative conditions of homelessness, the exacerbating conditions that may prolong someones experience with it, and the opportunities available to exit it.Social networks play an important role in peoples lives, and the homeless are no exception. Some forms of social support may serve to normalize the homeless experience (Auersw ald and Eyre, 2002), while others may offer support for exiting homelessness (Zlotnick, Tam, Robertson, 2003). An appropriate research question in this area would ask what are the characteristics of social networks that serve to contribute to a persons successful attempts to exit homelessness? An intervention program that would attempt to capitalize on known social support networks that reinforce a persons decision to exit homelessness could be as simple as incorporating a serial publication of questions into existing outreach programs that are designed to identify such relationships. Once these relationships are identified, practitioners could be instructed to attempt outreach with these social network members to include them in their work with their clients.One of the issues associated with homeless encampments is their proximity to necessary services (Chamard, 2010), of these health care access may be included. To build off of research which has identified that demographics as w ell as distinct lifestyles among the homeless may mean the difference between healthcare access or not (Nakonezny Ojeda, 2005), a further relevant research question may ask how can people living in homeless encampments attain more consistent and accessible healthcare? Intervention work in this vein could seek to implement medical outreach programs in areas known to have higher concentrations of homeless encampments, identify how medical conditions are impacted as a result, and further modify outreach techniques depending on the results.Homeless young have been shown to have increased rates of victimization relative to their housed counterparts (Tyler, Gervais Davidson, 2013 Tyler Melander, 2012), and that victimization is associated with higher rates of nub use (Bender et al., 2012). Potential interventions in this area could include fusing a program designed to address substance use among homeless youth with training staff to have heightened awareness of who may be at risk for increased victimization, and address individual cases as needed. The potential for intervention research within the homeless population is plentiful.ReferencesAnderson, I., Tulloch, D. (2000). Pathways through homelessness A review of the researchevidence. 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