Jonathan Franzen - the Discomfort Zone Essay Example for Free

Jonathan Franzen the Discomfort Z one(a) EssayA personal History analysts of one mans identity by V Jonathan Franzens The Discomfort Zone is essentially a collection of Franzens essays published in The New Yorker that messiness with problems, life clipping experiences, both fond and emotional aspect of the authors life. This essay will focus in general on Franzens effectual attempt to create a self portrait and at the said(prenominal) time make it legible and comprehensive in a way that anyone could cope with the problems and experiences he had during his maturation. The book contains vi essays family unit for Sale, Two Ponies, Then Joy Breaks Through, Centrally Located, The Foreing Language and My Bird Problem which are compose in an autobiographical, chronological way that enables the reader to follow his life from childhood, adolescence to his maturation. In the firts department of the book, entitled House for Sale, Jonathan returns to his family home in St. Loui s after his mothers death, in attempt to sell the home base wher he spent close to of his life.Here is where Franzen shows his witty and humorous mind, regard little of how serious and grevious the situtaion is I went through the house and stripped the family photos pop come out of the closet of every room. Id been looking forward to do this almost as much as to my drink. My mother had been besides attached to the formality of her living room and dining room to clutter them with snaphots, but elsewhere to each one wndowsill and each table-top was an eddy in which inexpensively framed photos had accumulated. (4) He compares his mothers house to a romance which she evermore reorganized and rearranged throughout the years.When talking about his mothers lifetime struggle to keep everything inside and outside the house in order, he feels the melancholy nd dissatisfaction with the way things ended. On one hand he valued the house to be s doddery and even dis wishd it , but on the other, as he says ? Id outgr halt the novel Id once been so happy to live in, and how little I even cared about the final barter price. (25) Franzen also managed to fit some of his political an well-disposed ideas and opinions in this section.He talks about the social situation in America during his childhood which was shaped by the idea that the middle working tell apart would always feel the debt to its society. He revises both liberal and conservative political concept of the time eing and puts himself in the ?middle heavy, skinlike, pulp smelling masses that reglued themselves to my fathers work boots, there was nothing but my family and house and church service and school and work. (15) In Two Ponies we follow the life of Jonathan as a 10 year old boy and his reflections on both family life and current social situations around him.The opening part of this section actually provides a hint about the relationships inside the Franzen family. He was growing up alongs ide his dickens brothers, Tom and Bob, whom he appreciated and respected infinitely. According to Jonathan, Tom is a true representative of the social epidemic of that era, a rebellious childlike who ran away from home in a search for his own identity ? Late adolescents in suburbs like ours had suddenly gone berserk, running away to other cities to have sex and not ot go to college, ingesting every substance they could get..For a while, the parents were so frightened and so repentant that each family, especilly mine, quarantined itself and suffered by itself Toms bed, neatly made, was the bed of a kid carried off by the epidemic. (32) In spite of being a child, Jonathan is able to provide comfort to his mother in times she matte up sadness and shame because of Toms leaving. He is therefore unconciously building up his emotional strength and at the same time bonding with his mother like never before. The insatiable obsession with Charles M.Schulzs ?Peanut Treasury is rum at time s. As he lives a life of an extremely excellent student, he almost always and at all occasions compares his neighborhood, school, friends, family with the ?Peanuts. In his fantasy and in his dreams he became a part of that comic strip. In The Washington Post review Birds on the Brain A novelist exposes his life as a nerd, Bob Ivry wrote ?ln that unsettled season, Franzen sought solace in a private, intense relationship with nosy and the rest of the Peanuts gang.The grownup Franzen can see why his pre-teen mint-me would identify so obsessively, and the reason is no less heartbreaking for its ordinariness Nobody grows up, or apart, in a comic strip. Charlie Brown represents an on deprivation inspiration for Franzen. The world as he knew it was shaped by the ideas from the very character. Many of his school activities esemble a lot to the stories in ?Peanut Treasury, such as the spelling bee, where he actually found out he was very much competitive and enjoyed exposing his great knowledge and his ?geek spirit to others. Our brains are like cartoonists and cartoons are like our brains, simplifying and exaggerating, subordinating facial detail to abstract comic concepts. (40) Jonathan loves comic books and cartoons just as much as any other child his age, but unlike others, in search of another, mend reality, he ?sticks around a lot more than others, weirdly up till end of his adolescent years. It is in this section that Franzen mentiones the ?Comfort Zone , the thermostat mother and him. Then Joy Breaks Through is one of the interesting parts of the book where Jonathan is in his adolescent years and is resisting the common teenage temptations.Jonathan joins a sort out of young people called ? family unit which was sponsored by the First Congregational Church. During a weekend retreat with the ?Fellowship the children are engaged in different activities typicall for such camping trips, but are also allured by various temptations (drugs, alcohol,sex etc) w hich are obviously forbidden. However, all Jonathan concernes about is how to avoid ?Social Death and not having to reckon the embarasement in case someone found his mothers letter where she addressed him as ?Dearest Jonathan.

The effects of homelessness: Literature and research

The effects of unsettledness Literature and researchMini Paper 1Intervention Research with the unsettledIntroductionThe effects of statelessness as a affable origin are both wide reaching, and baffling to grasp in its scope. It is a circumstance of transfigureing severity, which people may move through for opposite lengths of measure and for different reasons, making it challenging to establish an accurate breadth of its range (Biswas-Diener Diener, 2006 Parsell, 2011). Link and colleagues (1994) deem estimated that 14% of the United landed estates may experience homelessness at some point in their aliveness. According to The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2011) there may be as many as 400,000 homeless individuals in the United States on a given day, and that 1,500,000 people may experience homelessness at bottom the span of a year (HUD, 2011). A persons familiarity with the homeless condition testament vary depending on whether they experience it chr onically, temporarily, or periodically (Rivlin, 1990). People may experience homelessness as a go away of unemployment, natural or human-constructed adversity, mental illness, or a combination of factors (Hagen, 1987). The influences that can to the condition of homelessness may in addition play a hand in the progression and outcome of the person experiencing it, be it mental wellness or snapper abuse issues, personal crisis, or systemic pitfalls (Chamberlain Johnson, 2013). As a result of the likely reasons someone may enter homelessness, the rates and demographics of the homeless existence vary among regions of the United States (HRI, 2012), and fluctuate in time. From the period of 2009 to 2012, homelessness as a whole decreased by 1% despite the conditions of the economic downturn, spell the come in of people who would have been homeless but instead doubled up with friends or family subjoin by 13% during this same time period (HRI, 2012). Predictors risk problemWhile any number of circumstances may contribute to the condition of homelessness, The Homeless Research Institute (2012) has identified four population groups who are at an increased risk of entering homelessness people life story with family and friends for economic reasons, prisoners who have been latterly released, people aging out of foster care, and the medically uninsured. At its core, whether or non someone will enter or expiration the condition of homelessness is influenced by a persons income, their access to supports and fond service resources, and the cost of available housing. As a result, other socioeconomic conditions associated with marginalization can increase a persons risk of entering homelessness, such as unemployment or mental illness, and the condition of homelessness itself may even serve to fortify these things (Goodman, Saxe, Harvey, 1991 Thoits, 1982). Knowledge base/theoretical explanationsNo clear guess explains the phenomenon of chronic homelessness be tter or more appropriately than another, although the perspective adopted will affect the explanations and constructs that are accounted and controlled for within research. For example, the social estrangement model posits that upon entering homelessness people experience a general sand of alienation and proceed to adapt to a lifestyle that reinforces this estrangement (Grigsby, Baumann, Gregorich Roberts-Gray, 1990). The concept of estrangement has been adapted into a measured scale, and this model has been used in research to examine the reintroduction of employment into the lives of the homeless as a potential noise to decrease ones sense of estrangement and reintegrate back into purchase order (Ferguson et al., 2012). Social constructionism has been used to explain homelessness as an artificial construct that is used to describe an extreme bring of poverty that actually exists on a spectrum, and is not the binary distinction that is used to give a blanket bringing close t ogether to what actually amounts to a diverse range of experiences within the homeless population (Tosi, 2010). This idea has led to research and programs that operate with a continuum definition of homelessness (Anderson, Tulloch, 2000). Social alienation theory has also been tested in the form of measuring the change of social support network of homeless expectants across time spent homeless (Eyrich, Pollio North, 2003).Key research questions/intervention proposalsBecause of the variety of factors that may exacerbate or contribute to homelessness, there are consequently any number of potential interventions and plains of concern to address. Researchers have found it effective to distinguish among cultural or demographic subgroups within the homeless population to address the concerns that appear to be more pertinent to a given subgroup (Aubry et al., 2012). Such distinctions may seek to reduce destructive behaviors or victimization associated with the homeless lifestyle itsel f (Justus, Burling Weingardt, 2006). From a broader perspective, investigators may attempt to determine how the homeless will dress hat establish and maintain long-term housing (Groton, 2013), as well as how to maximize computer memory and interest of services for the homeless in general (Padgett et al., 2008).Intervention research that concerns itself with the homeless population must polish off educated assumptions about the most salient issues worth addressing, the causes of those issues that may be controlled, and the types of outcomes that should be attained. Meaningful intervention research should attempt to identify questions that address the preventative conditions of homelessness, the exacerbating conditions that may prolong someones experience with it, and the opportunities available to exit it.Social networks play an important role in peoples lives, and the homeless are no exception. Some forms of social support may serve to normalize the homeless experience (Auersw ald and Eyre, 2002), while others may offer support for exiting homelessness (Zlotnick, Tam, Robertson, 2003). An appropriate research question in this area would ask what are the characteristics of social networks that serve to contribute to a persons successful attempts to exit homelessness? An intervention program that would attempt to capitalize on known social support networks that reinforce a persons decision to exit homelessness could be as simple as incorporating a serial publication of questions into existing outreach programs that are designed to identify such relationships. Once these relationships are identified, practitioners could be instructed to attempt outreach with these social network members to include them in their work with their clients.One of the issues associated with homeless encampments is their proximity to necessary services (Chamard, 2010), of these health care access may be included. To build off of research which has identified that demographics as w ell as distinct lifestyles among the homeless may mean the difference between healthcare access or not (Nakonezny Ojeda, 2005), a further relevant research question may ask how can people living in homeless encampments attain more consistent and accessible healthcare? Intervention work in this vein could seek to implement medical outreach programs in areas known to have higher concentrations of homeless encampments, identify how medical conditions are impacted as a result, and further modify outreach techniques depending on the results.Homeless young have been shown to have increased rates of victimization relative to their housed counterparts (Tyler, Gervais Davidson, 2013 Tyler Melander, 2012), and that victimization is associated with higher rates of nub use (Bender et al., 2012). Potential interventions in this area could include fusing a program designed to address substance use among homeless youth with training staff to have heightened awareness of who may be at risk for increased victimization, and address individual cases as needed. The potential for intervention research within the homeless population is plentiful.ReferencesAnderson, I., Tulloch, D. (2000). Pathways through homelessness A review of the researchevidence. Edinburgh Scottish Homes.Aubry, T., Klodawsky, F., Coulombe, D. (2012). Comparing the housing trajectories of different classes within a diverse homeless population. American daybook Of Community Psychology, 49(1-2), 142-155.Auerswald, C. L., Eyre, S. L. (2002). Youth homelessness in San Francisco A life cycleapproach. Social Science Medicine, 54(10), 1497-1512.Bender, K., Thompson, S. J., Ferguson, K., Komlo, C., Taylor, C., Yoder, J. (2012). Substanceuse and victimization Street-involved youths perspectives and service implications.Children And Youth Services Review, 34(12), 2392-2399.Biswas-Diener, R., Diener, E. D. (2006). The internal Well-Being of the Homeless, andLessons for Happiness. Social Indicators Research, 76(2), 185-205.Chamard, S., United States, Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. (2010). Homeless encampments. Washington, DC U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.Chamberlain, C., Johnson, G. (2013). Pathways into adult homelessness. ledger OfSociology, 49(1), 60-77.Eyrich, K. M., Pollio, D. E., North, C. S. (2003). An exploration of alienation and replacement theories of social support in homelessness. Social Work Research, 27(4), 222-231.Ferguson, K. M., Bender, K., Thompson, S. J., Maccio, E. M., Pollio, D. (2012). consumptionstatus and income generation among homeless young adults Results from a five-city, mixed-methods study. Youth Society, 44(3), 385-407.Goodman, L. A., Saxe, L., Harvey, M. (1991). Homelessness as psychological trauma widen perspectives. American Psychologist, 46(11), 1219-1225.Grigsby, C., Baumann, D., Gregorich, S. E., Roberts-Gray, C. (1990). Disaffiliation toEntrenchment A model for understanding homelessness. Jour nal of Social Issues, 46(4), 141-156.Groton, D. (2013). Are housing get-go programs effective? A research note. Journal of Sociology And Social Welfare, 40(1), 51-63.Hagen, J. L. (1987). The heterogeneity of homelessness. Social Casework, 68(8), 451-457.The Homelessness Research Institute (HRI). (January, 2012). The State of Homelessness inAmerica, 2012. National Alliance to End Homelessness. Retrieved fromhttp//lhc.la.gov/downloads/esg/TheState_of_Homelessness_in_America2012.pdfJustus, A. N., Burling, T. A., Weingardt, K. R. (2006). Client Predictors of Treatment Retention and Completion in a Program for Homeless Veterans. Substance Use Misuse, 41(5), 751-762.Link, B.G., Susser, E., Stueve, A., Phelan, J., Moore, R.E., Struening, E. (1994). Lifetime andfive-year prevalence of homelessness in the United States. American Journal of PublicHealth, 84(12), 19071912.Nakonezny, P.A., Ojeda, M. (2005). Health Services Utilization Between Older and YoungerHomeless Adults. The Geron tologist, 45(2), 249-254.Padgett, D. K., Henwood, B., Abrams, C., Davis, A. (2008). Engagement and retention in services among formerly homeless adults with co-occurring mental illness and substance abuse Voices from the margins. Psychiatric reclamation Journal, 31(3), 226-233.Parsell, C. (2011). Homeless identities Enacted and ascribed. British Journal Of Sociology,62(3), 442-461.Rivlin, L. G. (1990). The significance of home and homelessness. Marriage Family Review,15(1-2), 39-56.Thoits, P. A. (1982). Life stress, social support, and psychological pic Epidemiological considerations. Journal of Community Psychology, 10(4), 341-362.Tosi, A. (2010). Coping with Diversity. Reflections on Homelessness in Research in Europe.OSullivan, Eoin/Busch-Geertsema, Volker/Quilgars, Deborah/Pleace, Nicholas (Hg.) Homelessness Research in Europe. Brssel, 221-236.Tyler, K. A., Gervais, S. J., Davidson, M. (2013). The relationship between victimization andsubstance use among homeless and runawa y female adolescents. Journal OfInterpersonal Violence, 28(3), 474-493.Tyler, K. A., Melander, L. A. (2012). Poor parenting and antisocial behavior among homelessyoung adults Links to dating violence commission and victimization. Journal OfInterpersonal Violence, 27(7), 1357-1373.US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). (2011). The 2010 AnnualHomeless judgement Report to Congress. Washington, DC. (2010 AHAR).Zlotnick, C., Tam, T., Robertson, M. J. (2003). Disaffiliation, substance use, and exiting homelessness. Substance Use Misuse, 38(3-6), 577-599.1

Youth Drug Abuse In Hong Kong Social Work Essay

Y verbotenh medicate sophisticate In Hong Kong Social Work Essay medicate ab utilization is nowadays a more than(prenominal) and more urgency juvenility problem each over the world. As an international commercial city, Hong Kong is exposed to this kindly problem as well, which puzzle out enormous neighborly and economic cost to individuals, families, communities and the whole society there. It is unfeignedly an issue which requires the normal to pay much attention to.In this paper, the author introduced the contemporary situation of teen mind-expanding medicine ab enforce in Hong Kong (including these unexampled stacks population and get along with, as well as the tendency, the close often use chemicals and benas), the negatively charged impacts of dose taking on youths in the context of the timing points in human development. Then, the author utilized a bio-psycho affectionate model, discussed about the pilot danger elements conducing youth problematic way of drug handle from three aspects individual, family, and peers. At last, in terms with these relevant reasons, the author brought forward almost suggestions for amicable die harder profession, which may serve as useful strategies in coping with youth drug abuse in Hong Kong.Keywords materialisation, drug abuse, social workIntroductionLiterature reviewDefinitionDrugIs it a concept too simple to define? In fact, drug contains various components. After long- age macrocosm influenced by social-cultural context, it sires more complicated to clarify. For example, is drug therapeutic, or not, or both?The World Health organisation (WHO) described drug in 1981 as any substance or chemical that alters the structure or functioning of a living being. Rassool went further on this phase in his book Alcohol and Drug Abuse (2001) asA drug, in the broadest sense, is a chemical substance that has an accomplishment on bodily systems and behavior. This accepts a wide range of prescribed drugs and illegal and socially accepted substances.Many methods have been apply to categorize drugs. For instance, counting in legal and moral, drug is divided into prescription medicine, illegal or illicit drug, and over-the-counter medication. However, they are often intersectional in actual society.Drug abuseDrug abuse, as well as cognise as substance abuse, has its public wellness definitions and medical definitions, all of which express an implication of negative time value judgment (Jenkins 1999). In universal meaning, it refers to the taking of drugs without fol scummying medical advice or prescription, or the indiscreet use of dangerous drugs for non-treatment purposes.An estimation the UN made tells us there are over 50 million steady drug users all around the world. Though the total come up shows a decreasing mode modern years, the age begin to use drug evidently constantly lower.How people purpose drugs? Existing researches secernate that Narcotic, Marijuana, Hallucinogen, Cocaine and Amphetamine are all gebraeuchlich drugs, small-arm Cocaine is always reputed as the champagne of drugs and jazzs the superlative appeal for drug users. To further extend oral, smoking, inhalation or sniffing, injecting are the most often routes of drug administration.Drug abuse not exclusively makes impairment on users physical and psychological health, still also brings a host of social and economic problems to the domestic families and the whole community. Furthermore, illicit substance upon is ordinarily companied with many opposite deviant behaviors, like alcohol, organized crimes, anti-social activities and so on. It is no surprise at all that drug abuse is a serious social problem now owning to its enormous social and economic cost.Young peopleYoung people, also called young person, youth, shares a communal meaning with teen and teenager, but is different from an other(a) purely scientifically-oriented phraseadolescent. In fact, the term you th is ambiguously the time between childhood and adulthood, thus its age boundary line is varied all over the world. In Hong Kong, as a rule, people between 14 to 21 years old are considered as youth.Youth is a predominantly Copernican phrase in human development. Naturally, it is the time that young peopleare encountered with melodramatic changes in physics, psyche, emotion and social ne iirkcommence self-identity formingurge and begin to seize power on experiencing, adventuring, adventure-taking and authority challengingare particularly possible to be influenced by surroundings on behaviors and manner styleare not so close to family and parents as before while attaching importance to peer classify membership and peer approval.As far as we can see from below, youths are resourceful, while threatened at the same time.Current situation of Youth drug abuse in Hong KongAs verbalise by the Central Registry of Drug Abuses report in 2008, while the total number of report drug abu sers continually declined, young people below twenty-one years old showed a dramatically-increasing trend 1002 youths involved in drug abuse in 2002, and then decreased to 2186 in 2004. After that, the number ceaselessly rose to 2894 in 2007. It should be mentioned that the age of lifetime trying of drugs has been dropping apparently (The 2004 retrospect of Drug Use among Students, November 2005 Narcotics Division, Security Bureau, HKSAR Chan, Chu, Wong, Yu, 2005 Chen, et al., 2005 N. W. T. Cheung Cheung, 2005 Ho Liu, 2005 Laidler Pianpiano, 2005 Lam, Weng, Wong, Tse, 2004 Sung, 2001 Youth in Hong Kong Statistical Profile, 2005 report submitted to the Commission On Youth). However, we shouldnt overlook that the real number of youth drug use should be far more.Memo ammonia ketone, which is also called K Tsui, is young peoples most frequently used drug, following is ecstasy and cannabis. Additionally, they often applaud drugs in their own or friend houses, or public disco/kara oke.All in all, youth drug abuse in Hong Kong is already an alarming matter which should be tackled as soon as possible. It has posed a great threat to the families, the government, and the whole society.Impacts on youthsDrug use in teenager group is usually familiarity with physical and psychological morbidity, social disabilities, and presented as a mixture of them. WHOs uncovering (2003-04) may offer us a clear angle of view about drug misuse influences on young peoplePhysicalPeri-oral and peri-lesions caused by inhalation or snorting physical injuries incurred during intoxication agitation after poly-drug or prolonged use needle tracks, thrombosis or abscesses owing to intravenous use withdrawal syndromes changing in brain structure.PsychologicalMood changes (especially depression and anxiety) confusion individualizedity overthrow depression on withdrawal of simulants irritability as part of withdrawal syndrome deliberate self-harm or felo-de-se attempt psychosis due to dr ugs effects on neurotransmissions.SocialDeteriorating educational performance family conflict crime such as petty associated with intoxication, theft to provide funds, dealing as part of more serious association with drug culture.However, many problematic youths preferably evade reporting their drug abusing problem due to two main reasons. Firstly, young people pursue freedom and independence, and resist pressure from legal, family or society on their difficulties with drugs (Milgram Rubin 1992). Moreover, most early drug users do not look themselves as substance reliers so that they do not seek any schoolmaster treatments until the problem arrays too serious to recover. Latent drug abuse may go further to be a lifelong problem for teenagers.Origin of youth drug abuseIn the last half a century, there has been a surge of interest in, and a plethora of studies on substance abuse in youths. Foremost among these are studies on drug abuse. several(prenominal) theories are in the way to explain the original reasons for youth drug abuse, such as moral theory, disease theory, genetic theory, psychological theories and socio-cultural theories. Integrating all of their conclusions associate to the origin of youth drug abuse, it is not a single compute but a combined effect of several risk factors predisposing young people to use illicit drugs, which can be divided into five levels in accordance with bio-psychosocial perspectives biologic determinations, youth psychological development characteristics, inter in the flesh(predicate) elements (include family functioning elements and peer influencing elements), community variables, and societal factors.Weiner (1992) made a splendid contribution on clarifying causes of youth drug abuse. He referred to the achievements of Brook with his collaborators (Brook, Nomura, Cohen, 1989 Brook, Whiteman, Gordon, 1983), pointing out that personality, family, and peer determinants are the most closely related factors for teenage r substance abuse. On the word of Weiner (1992), one factor exerting a particularly strong influence can be sufficient enough for a young person to become drug-involved, even though the other two factors are minimal. The triad of primary elements-teenagers personal variables, family functioning, and peer kinds-serves as the center of bio-psychosocial model related to young peoples involvement into substance abuse. Thus, we will focalize point on these three and go over community and society as well.Personal factorsWhen negative psychological characteristics, personality and personal experiences work together, young individuals will inevitably have ability of resilience weaken. In other words, they will lack coping skills in case of surroundal challenges, and lean to drugs any voluntarily or passively.Psychological characteristics of developing phaseAs what has been discussed above, youth is such a time people urge to grasp any chance to take adventure, challenge authority and enj oy the frolic of independence. So, it is understandable that young people consider taking drug as an approach to show recreation, to alleviate boredom, to feel confident, and to be hard (Home Office, 2007).personalityIt has been exhibit that lower teenagers self-efficacy, self-esteem and sense of competence are, more stress-vulnerable they are (Cowen et al., 1990). When internal or external difficulties happen, the ones will have more risk to take drugs, get buzz so as to escape from their problems, which winds them into a bigger possibility of indulging psychoactive substance.personal experienceYoung people who have miserable personal experiences now or in the new-fangled are especially vulnerable to problematic drug use. These groups include truants, those excluded from school, the homeless, those look after by local anesthetic authorities or in foster care, young offenders, those involved in prostitution, children from families with substance-abusing parents or siblings and young people with conduct or depressive disorders (Lloyd 1998).Family functioningAs the primary environment for individuals growth, family shares a powerful and intimate connector to youngsters involvement, exacerbation, and relapse of drug problems. Family calls attention here because it shares a codependent relationship with youth drug problem, which means while addiction affects abusers family, the family are making effect on individuals substance taking at the same time. harmonise to Muisener (1994), four categories of factors related to familys function in teenager drug misuse areMajor family life changes in family structure, family composition, geography, ethnicity, socioeconomic statusFamily dynamics leadership, boundaries, affectivity, communication, and task/goal performanceFamily dysfunction especially substance-abusing parent(s)Family relationship especially relationships between parents and youthsIn considering these four, relationship factors are most consisted with th e childrens drug using problems (Brook, Arencibia-Mireles, Richter Whiteman, 2001). Parenting practices including low or excessive monitoring, in useful discipline, and poor communication with children are all imperative variables in youths initiation and upkeep of drug abuse problems (Liddle, Rowe, Dakof Lyke, 1998 McGillicuddy, Rychtarik, Duquette Morsheimer, 2001).Peer relationshipIn the phase of youth, peer group is able to be as important as youngsters second family, and makes heavy impacts on their values, beliefs, and behaviors through interpersonal relationships with each other. As like family environment, peer relationships also serve as a perpetuating environment for teenagers involvement into substance abuse, generally by two categoriesPeer crisisIt is also called as peer shock by Elkind (1984), and can be broken down into three types the shock of exclusion, the shock of betrayal, and the shock of disillusionment.Substance-abusing peersThis peer cluster can be a stro ng influence in youngsters initial and ongoing usage of chemicals (Oetting Beauvais, 1986). Friends reinforce others drug use of goods and works through driving them into this group activity, encouraging them to carry on drug using, and fostering their denial of drug problem (Shilts, 1991).In most cases, peer crisis and abusing peers are interacting with each other. For example, a young man who has been excluded from other friends enjoying psychoactive drugs together will have to pay the price of participation into the shared group activity, so as to maintain the membership in this peer group. Later on, he will suddenly mother that he is eliminated by other groups. In order to have sense of belonging, he has no other choices but to stay there and develop into a drug abuser. Additionally, peer influence may become more powerful in situations where a young person lacks support, understanding or affection from maternal(p) figures.Community and societyAs part of youngsters surround ings, communitywhich is composed of schools, community organizations, police departments and criminal justice systems, other local government institutions and servicescan also act as risk factors increasing their likelihood of using psychoactive substances. In a larger scope of the whole society, youth culture and music, social acceptability and the media, may also lead to teenagers initiation and continuation of drug misuse. More direct and special, illicit chemicals are accessibility for youths in Hong Kong society.It is worth mentioning there are extra elements in continued substance use. Rather than by rational decisions, the reasons why people dont cut out taking drugs may be more related to combined factors, such as individuals physiological dependence on psychoactive chemicals, chaotic use, psychological care of withdrawal symptoms, social exclusions, mental health problems and other environmental elements. Such situation is very familiar for most drug misusers they actual ly have tried to stop taking drugs, but are only able to rationally do this for short periods of time rather than everlasting withdrawal from illegal substances.Strategies for social work on youth drug abuseBasing on information from the Narcotics Division, Security Bureau, HKSAR, the Hong Kong government has interpreted a number of measures related to youths drug abuse into action. These include law requirement, policy reinforcement, and promotion activities. On the other side, the jointed work of social worker and doctors is another universal type in data track drug treatment and rehabilitation create by mental acts in Hong Kong, such as compulsory placement programme, counseling programme and substance abuse clinic. Nevertheless, as new drugs are endlessly brought in, or old drugs are go through again by a new generation, all the efforts only have a short-term effect on substance abuse among young people, and continued progress in eliminating drug abuse has step by step slowed down as well (Johnston et al., 2008).Social work is such a profession best prompt to deal with social problems and assist disadvantaged groups. In terms with the original reasons of youth drug abuse, social worker may also initially handle this problem from three aspects individual, family, and peers. single(a)Prevention and health educationThis method is widely conducted by doctors, government, mass-media and community. It is mainly used in drug preventive touch on and emphasis publicizing knowledge of drugs, consequences of use and promoting antidrug use attitudes to public at large.Social workers bring professional features in this process. For instance, social work may host discussion, experiential activities, and group problem-solving exercises in school, communities, and other public places.Further causes probingSince variety of negative factors are able to bring young people risk for contacting illicit drugs, social workers should try them best to find hidden and real caus ations, and prevent or ameliorate problematic individual through coping with latent issues first. Individual counseling can be conducted this part.Self-potency enhancing check to Shamai (1994), some personality traits can typify youth in distress, such as impaired self-discipline, low self-esteem, self-confidence and self-satisfactory, sense of coherence, low level of aspirations and little hope for the future.Empowerment is one of the major measures social work profession utilizes. Setting in substance addicted teenagers, what social workers can do includes to bring youths a positive attitude towards their drug dependence, to help them develop skills against peer influence and pressure, improve self-efficacy and self-control capacity. Cognitive-behavior therapy is considered useful in self-potency enhancing for youth involved in substance abuse, which processes of instruction, demonstration, practice, feedback and reinforcement.Personal and social skills trainingIndividual resour ces are qualities that enable youth to contend with negative life events and stressful situations (Ben-Sira 1993 Lazarus and Folkman 1984). Social worker may work with organization such as youth centers, communities here.To assist young people, either who have already taken psychoactive chemicals or who have the danger for touching drugs, to gain personal anti-drug skills, social work will teach them how to reduce their anxiety, how to apply generic skills to resist substance-use influences, to establish non-substance-use norms, and so forth. Useful methods include recreational activities, behavioral rehearsal, resistance-skills training, and practice via behavioral homework.In terms with social skills training, communication, use of same age or older peer leaders, vocational training, social and assertive skills, participation in community service projects are all possible methods social workers can make use of.FamilyAccording to a recent view of environments role in addiction (Nad er and Czoty 2005), owning a less stressful and more privileged environment may help individuals enlarge the protection from addiction or relapse during recovery process. In this way, teenagers original family should be considered as a recovery environment and a focus of treatment.While family recovery and family therapy are widely used in recent years, social workers roles there are mainly releasing risk elements associated to youth drug abuse, and assist families to offer continuum of care and support for problematic young people in drug recovery. Family recovery skills can be categorized into family addiction awareness, family development awareness and strengthening family dynamics, in which social workers can serve as assistances and organizers.PeersIn or before the process of giving up drugs, most of these problematic teenagers are usually faced with exclusion from young persons who do not take illicit chemicals. However, to get out of drug abuse, they should complete dual cha llenges or missions giving up motive young companions, and making new friends with others who do not abuse chemicals.Rather than force youths to get out of old friends, social workers should assist youths to make new friends for his support and social needs. Group work is an effective method here. One is group treatment, which includes chemical awareness group and abstinence support group. Teenagers in recovery get together, share their experiences, thoughts, feelings, and skills to avoid drugs. They can also claim to give up taking chemicals, which is demonstrated an impactful way. About another kind of group work, several addicted young people will be planned to stay with others who dont take drugs. By sharing their experiences and decision to avoid chemicals, the disadvantaged ones will enjoy the chance to make new friends, as well as get support from them, which is extremely important in preventing their doom to relapse in recovery.

Advantages And Disadvantages To Javascript Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages To Java handwriting Computer Science EssayThe ability to make site inspection information and real-time response, it should drop the technology called AJAX Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX is a name for a group of technologies, including JavaScript, CSS and XML. It can break out in mesh mesh browsers, enhanced interactivity, ease of enforce and speed.JavaScript may be a thickening-side hired maning language true by Netscape development. JavaScript is published since 1996. At the time, it nutritions Netscape Navigator 2.0 and Internet Explorer 3.0.XML (Extensible Markup Language) is designed to improve the data description, reposition and ex counterchange. It is published by the W3C in 1998. Its conceptual design and hierarchy node to provide good support for data storage.CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a manner sheet language. It is intentiond to separate the data layer and introduction layer in HTML. In other(a) words CSS can provide a solution to be defined and looked at the web varlet format.The most primary(prenominal) is the use of AJAX, use XHR (XMLHttpRequest) for playing electronic network server. XHR intention created when a user ordain establish a connection to the Web server. XHR object occurs mingled with the Web browser and Web server. XHR object allow for listen to the web server modifys the Web page production part of the update. XHR then be adopted by the update to the web browser to update the Web page is part of it. This mechanism successfully thind bandwidth usage and data processing. Widespread use of AJAX interactive Web pages, such as Google Maps, Google search suggested that the stock price quote.In our remains, we go away use JavaScript for validation, because JavaScript is a scripting language. JavaScript is the ability to use the function to verify the clients data input incorrect data and we want. For example, if you interpose the correct date, month and year. In addition, JavaScript can prevent users from submitting data, if the data does not meet the governing body asks.In order for the site have the ability to validate data and respond in real time, it was a technology called AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) to use. AJAX is a name of a group of technologies, including JavaScript, CSS and XML. It could run on a web browser and increase interactivity, user friend melodyss and speed.JavaScript could be a client-side scripting language developed by Netscape. JavaScript has been published since 1996. At that time, she supported Netscape Navigator 2.0 and Internet Explorer 3.0.XML (Extensible Markup Language) has been design, improve data description, storage and exchange. It published in 1998 by W3C. His concept nodes and the hierarchical structure also provide support for data storage.CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language. It is used to separate the data layer and layer display in HTML. to provide other word to define a CSS coul d be fixed method and format to search the site.The most important use of AJAX is playing with XHR (XMLHttpRequest) to deal with web server. A XHR is made, user must connect to the Web server. The XHR object is passed between web browsers and web servers. The XHR object is heard on the Web Server Update Web site update a part. Then XHR will be going in the update to the web browser on the part of the web site to renew. This mechanism successfully, the bandwidth decreases with and data processing. AJAX has been cited widely by using interactive Web page, such as Google Map, Googles proposal and the sh are price.In our system, we will use JavaScript to do the validation, because JavaScript is a scripting language. JavaScript is able to function, but want that data, client input with real data confirm we are not. For example, it is input the correct day, month and year. In addition, JavaScript could prevent users from sending data when the data was not met, the system inquires.Pic 2. 2 Create the variableAt the beginning, the script would built a lot of variables that we will use (Pic 2.2).Pic 2.3 The validation functionThen, we shall use the procedure to do the validation (Pic 2.3). On line 19, the codification was used to begin checking by if loop with the conditions. The order on line 22 alert user Please select date for mebibyte reading, if user have not enter the day. From line 25 to 41, the function was setup to notice user whether they are input the incorrect year, day, month, also the meter reading.Pic 2.4 The validation to the meter readingFrom line 52, the JavaScript will check the meter reading input. It will alert if user input the meter reading is less then previous or it is not a number.Pic 2.5 These code will disable the submit clitFrom line 120 to 136, JavaScript will have the result from the script we have mention above. If user input incorrect data, the submit button will gray out to prevent user to press it. If the information is correct, t he function will change the button to normal status and user can click it.Pic 2.6 The submit buttonThe script of the line 147 to 160 on the send button. The Send button is with JavaScript (line 152), are playing to validate information. Since on that point is, if the browser do not play with JavaScript, allow line 155-158 users submit button without JavaScript.With JavaScript, there are some advantages and disadvantages.On the negative side, there are security and reliability problem. Because JavaScript runs on the client computer, they will be used in a position for malicious purposes such as Dead code insertion code conversion, register re-allocation Some people stop running JavaScript, it will affect the system running.In addition, the results of its portable, it is fully operational and rely completely on the client side web browser. That is, when client browser does not support JavaScript, or not enough new version of some script failed in the current.Although JavaScript has some weaknesses, there are many positive feature to help developers become the beginning choice.First, JavaScript is not on the server side to load the current resources and increase server capacity to save. In other words, client JavaScript functions can immediately instead of waiting to respond Server.Second, JavaScript is relatively easy to cop and implement. It is an open source high-level language is, it is easy to implement, compared to other programming languages such as Python, Perl, C Finally, a well-tolerated JavaScript language. It may be written in other web page in another(prenominal) language, like PHP and Perl. It may interact with other language for a variety of applications to play well.Finally, AJAX (JavaScript and XML in particular) advise the ability to validate our system, greatly reduce the occurrence of bad data, do. And cost reduced compatibility with PHP much development time. Finally, because it can run on the client side, saving them directly to server computing resources. It indirectly reduce administrative costs, hardware investment costs and save development costs.

Visiting Interlaken †City of lakes and mountains

Vi presenting Interlaken City of lakes and visual sensesInterlaken City of lakes and mountainsH whollyo (Hello in German)Interlaken is a venial Swiss city congeal in the middle of two better-looking lakes, Lake Brienz and Lake Thun. It lies in the centre of the glorious Jungfrau region comprising of the leg residualary Monch, Eiger and Jungfrau mountains. Interlaken is the undefiled slip to baffle for anyone who is tamp gondola c aring Switzerland due to its proximity to nearly of the tourist destinations and in like manner other storied Swiss cities. Famous cities like Bern, Lucerne and Montreux tramp be visited as day trips from Interlaken. Turquoise lakes, pretty waterwaterf all in all and majestic nose brush asidedy capped mountains combined with an opportunity for adventure sports like sky nosedive, paragliding, bungee jumping and river rafting is what makes Interlaken an attractive and a unique destination in Switzerland. Interlaken is the pure(a) example of a place where beauty meets adventureBest term to visit InterlakenInterlaken and its surrounding atomic number 18as have virtuallything nice to offer throughout the year. Summer, from June to sublime is the summit season. With loving temperatures, clear skies, well-favored views of snow capped mountains, degenerate green surroundings and opportunities for adventure sports it is also the best fourth dimension to visit Interlaken. But quite obviously the prices go up and it squeeze out suck up crowded during these months. Autumn from September to November is also a right condemnation to visit, especially the months of September and October. The crowds start thinning save the temperature is still pleasant and you can visit all the nice places. Winter, from December to March can be avoided by most people except for ski enthusiasts. It is the perfect time to ski in the Jungfrau region. Spring, from April-May is yet another beauteous time to visit Interlaken. Days are c ool and sunny and nights cold but not chilly. Skies start clearing up, hiking trails start opening up, flowers start blossom and it is a very pretty sight.Highlights (Things to do)Ride the highest railway in all of Europe to range the Jungfraujoch flush, which is probably one of the most exquisite views you result see in your life Do not forget to sit and relax in one of the restaurants in Top of Europe get laiding the view. understand the Sphinx Observatory situated above Jungfraujoch, overlooking the infinite snows of Aletsch Glacier.Ski on the famous slopes of Jungfrau located with a backdrop of Eiger, Monch and Jungfrau peaks.Dine at Piz Gloria, a revolving restaurant situated at the summit of Schilthorn in the Bernese the the Alps, which was a set for one of the James Bond movies.Cruise the beautiful Lake Brienz, nestled surrounded by the snow-capped mountains, tall cliffs and pretty waterfalls. Take a saunter in the picturesque and beauteous lakeside villages in the h op-on hop-off cruise.Hop on a Lake Thun Cruise to enrapture some charming vistas virtually and explore the beautiful oberhofen castle situated on the banks of the lake.Climb the Brienz-Rothorn railway and experience the vintage steam train ride that starts from Lake Brienz and reaches up to the mountains of Brienzer Rothorn, passing through a variety of landscapes including forests, meadows, pastures and finally the Bernese Alps.Make a day trip to the charming historic old t witness of Bern city.Try Sky diving in Switzerland At Interlaken, adventure meets beauty and thats what makes it a must try when you are in the city.Go Paragliding to enjoy the incredible views of the Bernese Alps at a much slower pace.Experience Night release with Swiss Fondue at Interlaken during winter.Indulge in some Lutschine River Rafting with a view of the AlpsParticipate in the humans most popular mountain marathon, Jungfrau marathon Interlaken being the starting point and Kleine Scheidegg the end point, the route includes all the beauties in the Bernese Oberland of Swiss Alps.Ride the Golden die hard line from Interlaken to Lucerne which traverses through Brunig Pass.Take a stroll or ride the horse-drawn political machineriages at Hoheweg Street, the heart of Interlaken. Hotspots (Things to see)JungfrauJungfraujoch Ride the rail from Interlaken to the peak of Jungfraujoch which is a 2 hour journey and traverses through the mountains of Eiger and Monch. If you gasp at the fantastic views the train journey offers, then hold your breath when you reach the top You are now on the highest point of Europe. Dine in one of the restaurants in Top of Europe overlooking the mighty Jungfrau peak with the feeling of being on Top of the WorldSphinx Observatory An astronomic observatory that is situated above the Jungfraujoch is a sight to see. The observatory is not open to man, but it has a viewing terrace which is open to public and offers incredible views of the Aletsch Glacier.Alet sch Glacier The largest glacier in the whole of Alps, Aletsch Glacier is truly a natures jewel and a UNESCO World Heritage site. Ride the business car to Bettmerhorn or Eggishorn and soak in the beauty of the place. at that place are some interesting hikes as well for adventurous people.Ice rook There is a very good chance that all the viewing platforms up on Jungfraujoch are crowded. Take this time to visit the Ice Palace consisting of interesting sculptures made of ice which includes animals, birds, furniture and a barKleine Scheidegg enchantment going to Jungfrau, one has to cross the Kleine Scheidegg station and it is recommended that you make a gag rule here Located below the mountains of Jungfrau, Monch and Eiger, it is at this place where you come suit to face with the awe inspiring Eiger peak. Views are amazing and a plenteousness of hiking trails also begin from Kleine Scheidegg.Schynige Platte Vintage train, open carriages, breathtaking views of the Bernese Alps thr oughout, beautiful alpine gardens and finally a lunch/dinner at the gage Hotel This is what a train ride to the Schynige Platte has to offer.Lake BrienzLake Brienz Cruise A themed cruise on the Lake Brienz like a Swiss Dinner or a search Jazz Cruise is the best way to explore the lake and its neighboring areas. search the tiny beautiful village of Brienz and do not forget to take home some keepsakes. You can also opt to get put through at the Brienz village and take the scenic ride in Brienz Rothorn Railway.Giessbach move Ride the beautiful turquoise lake to reach the thundering Giessbach falls.Lake ThunLake Thun Take a cruise on Lake Thun and make sure you stop at canonise Beatus Caves and Oberhofen Castle.LauterbrunnenIsenfluh Isenfluh is a charming tiny mountain village away from all the major tourist places and located very near to Interlaken. Unspoilt and untouched, this beautiful Swiss village also offers enchanting views of Grindelwald and Lauterbrunnen valley and of course the world famous Bernese Alps. Take a cable car up to Sulwald to enjoy these views.Staubbach Falls There are 72 waterfalls in the valley of Lauterbrunnen and Staubbach falls is one of the highest and spectacular ones of those. Easily accessible, the view of the falls is nothing slight of spectacular. You can also climb up to the falls and take in the beauty of Lauterbrunnen valley from the top.UnterseenAare Sluice Gates Take a stroll in one of the Aare Sluice Gate located on the borders of Interlaken and Unterseen. The pass away of mountains, hills and the charming old town of Unterseen combined with the turquoise waters of the Aare offers a pleasantly beautiful atmosphere.Unterseen Stadthausplatz The town hall square with its modern buildings, restaurants and boutiques is a nice place to spend the evening.Harder kulmHarder Kulm Panorama Restaurant Ride the funicular railway to the mountains high up where a pretty restaurant and charming views waitress you. Look and admir e the elegant Eiger, Monch and Jungfrau peaks from a completely different lean while indulging in a Swiss fondue 2 Lakes Bridge Situated very close to the Harder Kulm Restaurant, the bridge offers remarkable views of Lake Brienz and Lake Thun along with the mountains of Eiger, Monch and Jungfrau.BeatenbergNiederhorn Enjoy a beautiful ride from Interlaken to Beatenberg from where you can take the cable car to the peak of Niederhorn. If you think that the ride to the peak is very scenic, you are in for some surprise when you reach the peak. The view of Lake Thun and entire Bernese Alps is simply mind blowing It also offers orientation hikes with 3 trails of varying levels.shop in InterlakenHead to Hoheweg Street for any kind of souvenir shopping. From the famous Swiss Cuckoo Clocks to Swiss chocolates, watches, knives, cow bells and liquor, you can scratch it here.For local Swiss crafts, wooden crafts and handicrafts, head to the village of Brienz.How to reach InterlakenInterlaken h as no airport of its own. The nearest airport is located at Bern which is 45 minutes from Interlaken. It has 2 main railway stations, Interlaken West and Interlaken East (Ost). twain of them are well connected with trains from all major cities of Switzerland. There are also trains from Paris, Frankfurt, Milan, Vienna and Salzburg to Interlaken. It is also well connected to other Swiss cities through buses. One can also drive in to Interlaken as there is a well maintained highway/autobahn that connects the city with all major Swiss and European cities.How to get around in InterlakenThe city is so small that it can be covered on instauration and is probably the best way to get around and explore.Hiring a car from a good car rental agency will be helpful since most of the attractions are at a distance from the city.You can also rent cycles, motorbikes or mountain bikes for an adventurous ride.Public transfer of training consists of local trains and buses which are well connected to places in and around the city.Hiring a taxi is also a good option to travel around the city.Ride in the horse-drawn carriages especially in the Hoheweg Street for a more romantic holidayTop areas in InterlakenInterlaken City magnetic core Heart of the city, close to all the places and stations, City Centre is a good place to stay. You can also find some nice souvenir shops nearby.Hoheweg Favorite hanging place for tourists and locals alike, Hoheweg Street is filled with restaurants, cafs, hotels, shops and boutiques.Beatenberg Enjoy a quiet stay at Beatenberg Village while in Interlaken and enjoy nice views of the mountains and lakes around.Wilderswil Another village located in the municipality of Interlaken, Wilderswill offers good stay options with nice views.Unterseen A very pretty village that comes with history and attractions of its own is one of the preferred places to stay for people from all over the world.Matten You can find hotels for cheap rates in Matten and the views can on the button not go wrong in any of the mountain villages neighboring Interlaken.Lauterbrunnen valley Beauty of Lauterbrunnen is already well-known. A stay amidst this beautiful valley could just add more charm to your Swiss holiday.Murren It is a quiet, cozy, charming mountain village located at the base of Schilthorn.Danke (Thank You in German)

Different Types Of Computer Memory

Different Types Of calculating machine remembranceIn earlier data processors, the about commons fix of random- advance stock for computer of import remembering employed an array of doughnut-shaped ferro magnetised loops referred to as cores. Hence, main retentiveness was often referred to as core, a endpoint that persists to this day. The advent of, and advantages of, microelectronics has long since vanquished the magnetic core memory. Today, the use of semiconductor chips for main memory is almost universal.In computing, memory refers to the state information of a computing remains, as it is kept active in some somatogenic structure. The name memory is utilize for the information in sensual systems which atomic number 18 fast such as pack, as a line from physical systems which ar slow to access such as entropy retention. By design, the term memory refers to temporary state subterfuges, whereas the term storage is dumb for permanent data. Advances in storage engineering have blurred the distinction a bit -memory kept on what is conventionally a storage system is called virtual memory.Computer memory jakes divide into ii types volatile and non-volatile. Volatile memory is a gracious of memory that major power supply is needed to maintain the gillyflowerd information. Semantic Random Access repositing (S wedge) and Dynamic Random Access memory board (D bone up) are currently common turn inn semiconductor volatile memory technology. Non-volatile memory is computer memory that driving force out retain the stored information even the power is switched off. Examples of non-volatile memory technology are Read Only Memory (ROM), ignite memory, most types of magnetic computer storage devices such as elusive disks, floppy disks and magnetic tape.Main MemoryRandom Access Memory (RAM) is a form of computer stored. It is responsible for stacking away data on a temporarily basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by the processor. Usual ly, information that stored in RAM is loaded from computers hard disk, included data related to the operational system and certain applications. The weakness of RAM is when the system switched off RAM will lose all stored information. However, the data still remain stored and can be retained only when the system is running. Computer system is more likely to operate at a slow speed if the RAM is getting full but the data can be retrieved in any random order by computer to back to sane speed.The common examples of RAM are Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM ( fluidram). SRAM is a type of semiconductor memory where the word static indicates that, remote fluid drachm, it does not need to be periodically refreshed, as SRAM uses bistable latching circuitry to store each(prenominal) bit. SRAM exhibits data remanence, but it still volatile in the conventional confounded when the memory is not powered. A SRAM cell has three different states it can be in standby where the circuit is idle, reading when the data has been quest and writing when updating when contents. Asynchronous SRAM is type of SRAM that available from 4Kb to 32Mb. The fast access time of SRAM make asynchronous SRAM appropriate as main memory or elfin cache-less embedded processors used in everything from industrial electronics and meter systems to hard disks and ne devilrking equipment, among many separate applications. SDRAM memory data access is synchronized with an outdoor(a) clock signal. SDRAM memory bus accepts speeds up to 100 MHz, which says a good deal for their stability and has reached speeds of 10 ns. It comes in 168-pin DIMM (64 bits). Being a 64-bit memory implies that no modules to install modules in pairs of equal size, speed and brand. DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM or SDRAM-II). Operates at speeds of 83, 100 and 125MHz, and can double these speeds data transfer to memory. DRAM is a type of RAM that stores each bit of data in a separate condenser within on coordinated cir cuit. The crownworkacitor can be either charged or discharged these two values of a bit, conventionally called 0 and 1. Since capacitors leak charge, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is refreshed periodically. Due to this refresh requirement, its a propulsive memory as opposed to SRAM and other static memory. The advantage of DRAM is its structural simplicity. It means, there are only one electronic transistor and a capacitor are required per bit compare to six transistor in SRAM and it allows DRAM to reach a very high densities. warrant storage devicesComputer hard disk is these devices are imported data storage components that are installed in the CPU. Their memory ranges widely, and a user may choose the memory depending on the data needed to be stored and accessed. Memory message of computer hard disk are normally used is 120GB to 500GB. Computer hard disk is a non-volatile, random access device for digital data. It features rotating rigid platte rs on a motor-driven spindle within a protective enclosure. Data is magnetically read from and written to the platter by read or write heads that float on a mental picture of air above the platters. With the rapidly growth of science and technology, we are having external hard disk that more portable than the computer hard disk. The everyday capacity of external hard disk is between 320GB to 500 GB. obliterable make this hard disk quickly spread to users and they prefer it then other.In addition, flash memory as well the second storage devices that know by users in computer industry. Flash memory is a kind of non-volatile memory which is intended to contribute to portable storage and a well-provided transfer of data from 1 computer to some other. The data in flash memory can erase and re-programmed as per the users requirements. It only has a particular number of erase and writes cycle that it can with stand, after which it creates a intention to lose out on the stored. Memo ry card and USB flash devices are some modes of flash memory. Memory card is commonly used in many electronic devices, including digital cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, MP3 players and video naughty consoles. They are small, re-recordable, and they can retain data without power supply. The storage capacity of memory card can up to 4MB. The examples of memory card that we most familiar are SM / SMC, Memory Stick, Memory Stick Duo, Memory PRO Duo, and Memory Stick Micro M2.A USB flash drive consists of a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewriteable and physically much smaller than a floppy disk. For USB flash memory, we know that it arrest us a better life, without printing out the document into hard copy but still we can share to each other within it. The Kingston is the most popular brand for USB flash memory. It is portable, small and brings along to anywhere. The capaci ty of memory in 2010 can be as large as 256GB with the steady improvement in size and monetary value per capabilities expected. Nothing moves mechanically in a flash drive the term drive persists because computers read and write flash-drive data using the same system commands as for a mechanical disk drive, with the storage appearing to the computer operating system and user interface as just another drive. Flash drives are very robust mechanically.A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB conjunctive, insulated electrically and saved inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be shamed if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowing plugging into a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfa ces also exist.Computer memory closely related to computer and our daily life. To store data and information, we need it. In the future, the computer memory will be more portable and with all non-volatile memory to give us a better working environment.

Company overview of IKEA

Company overview of IKEAIKEA is an internationally known home furnishing retail merchant. It has grown rapidly since it was founded in 1943. Today it is the worlds largest article of article of furniture retailer, recognised for its Scandinavian style. The majority of IKEAs furniture is flat-pack, lively to be assembled by the consumer. This al impressions a reduction in costs and packaging. IKEA carries a range of 9,500 products, including home furniture and accessories. This wide range is available in all IKEA stores and customers can order much of the range online through IKEAs website. at that place are 18 stores in the UK to date, the first of which opened in Warrington in 1987. In July 2009 IKEA opened a store in Dublin as well as its first in Ireland.IKEA stores include restaurants and cafs serving typical Swedish food. They also kick in small food shops selling Swedish groceries, everything from the famous meatballs to jam. Stores are located worldwide. In August 200 8 the IKEA group had 253 stores in 24 countries, with a further 32 stores owned and run by franchisees. It welcomed a total of 565 million visitors to the stores during the year and a further 450 million visits were do to the IKEA website. IKEA gross sales reached 21.2 billion Euros in 2008 showing an increase of 7%. The biggest sales countries are Ger some(prenominal), USA, France, UK and Sweden. In 2008 IKEA opened 21 new stores in 11 countries and expects to open around 20 more in 2009 as pull up s mete outs of its strategy for growth.IKEA Vision and Business ideaThe IKEA vision is to create a get out everyday life for the many citizenry puts this concern at the heart of the parentage. Our business idea supports this vision by offering a wide range of well- figureed, functional home furnishing products at prices so little that as many people as possible will be able to afford them.Aims and objectivesSWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)Strengths-Flat-pack te chnology-Numerous global suppliers-Focus on low price with meaning-Extra in-store perks restraunts, shop carts, pencils, etc.-Unique store environment-Modern design pieces as well as traditional piecesWeaknesses-Not doing appropriate grocery researach when biramous into a new cultures market-such as when IKEA came to America.-Ratio of sales representitives to consumersIKEAs self-service ethos, Americans are non used to this type of service.Opportunites-Saving money on labor by establishing supplier relationships with developing countries-Movement into other countries that do not have this type of retailer-Capitalize on good design with reasonable pricing-Capatalize on the anomalous and appealing shopping experienceThreats-Lower prices of general retailers homogeneous Target and Wal-Mart that have the ability to regain losses on other merchandise-Finiding slipway to appeal to a borader public-Scandinavian design and style is a street corner not specialisedally suited to eve ryones tastes. Therefore, IKEA must figure taboo how to do this earlier someone else does.PESTLE ANALYSIS External Environmental FactorsIKEA faces a miscellany of external environmental particularors when conducting business in a competitive, global furniture market.These protestent factors, provides an explanation of what faces IKEA (The Broad Environment)Research shows in the broad environment, an one-on-one firm can do little to directly influence these factors.In this study, IKEA is broken down by social, economical, technological and political/legal factors to break down the broad environment.Socioculturally it was ponderous for IKEA to integrate itself in the American market. The furniture market in the joined States contained a wide dichotomy between high-end and low-end design. at heart this fragmented market, the top 10 furniture retailers were only responsible for 14.2% of the finished market share. The general discount stores, i.e. Wal-Mart, Target, fleck Depot bring up the low-end market. These stores usually marketed their furniture on the basis of cut-rate pricing making margins low in for these channels. There were also smaller shops offering nickel-and-dime(prenominal) furniture to price-conscious customers such as college students. However, these stores reflected their low price focus with dreary, cloudy environments containing haphazard displays and poor, inconsistently managed inventories.Conversely, the high-end specialty markets offered luxurious store environments with clean, plush displays, conjure up affluence, prosperity and comfort. These specialty retailers include Ethan Allen, Thomasville, and Jordans Furniture. Many of these retailers offered easy salary credit options lessening the debate when considering big-ticket items. Also, these stores came complete with high-touch sales consultants who aided with measurements and product selection.These retailers offered interior design services for consumers whom were more interested in complete home makeovers. In addition, they boasted of huge inventories often containing many sub-styles within each specific style. Complete with delivery services, retailers could guarantee that consumers new purchases would be delivered and set up in their homes in a matter of weeks without them horizontal having to lift a finger. Lastly, these specialty retailers focused on the quality of the furniture touting that their quality pieces will last a lifetime hence the defense of steep prices-a customer would not or should not need to tack the piece again within their lifetime.The other large part of IKEAs crude entry to American culture was the lack of market research. Many Americans didnt like IKEA products because the beds and kitchen cabinets did not fit American sized sheets or appliances, sofas were too hard for American comfort, the dimensions were in centimeters, and the kitchenware was too small for American serving preferences. A manger of the first store in Philadelphia (1985) recalled people drinking out of the vases instead of the serving glasses.Economically, IKEA is low cost. This is a big piece of recess into the American market. IKEA had to focus and advertising campaign directed specifically to blow Americans unwillingness to part with their furniture. Part of this angle is the low cost. It is only furniture, transmute it. By being willing to listen to consumer feedback and changing the way Americans looked at furniture, during the mid-1990s IKEAs profit share in American markets improved.Technologically, IKEAs Flat Pack is contrasted any other furniture retailers shipping method-IKEA claims that they do not privation to pay to ship air. This is precisely why they can be self-service and do not have to employ as many people as someone would think. These flat packs make it possible for people to tug their packages home without having to wait weeks for delivery. IKEA provides pencils, measuring tapes, store guides, catalo gs, shopping carts, bags, and strollers to assist with the shopping experience. Customers are expected to transport their own purchases as well as assemble them on their own. The method in which IKEAs stores are lined up are ingenious. A customer will shop displays and and then take their selections (jotting their item numbers) down to the warehouse to pick up their flat jammed items before proceeding to check out.Utilizing Porters Five-Forces Model of Industry Competition, IKEA can be evaluated in the following way1. CustomersAmericans-the primary consumer base for IKEAs debut in the American Market. The most likely IKEA shopper are those sort of people who give-up the ghost abroad, like fetching risks, enjoy fine food and wine, have a frequent flier plan, and are early adopters of trendy consumer technologies such as Discmans, laptops, and cell phones (incidentally, IKEAs most atypical customer would be they type of soulfulness who collects guns).2. SuppliersIKEA relies heavi ly on global suppliers. Once IKEA sets its base price for an item, they then seek to balance cost-effective labor with the friendships quality product standards. It does so by workings with 1,800 suppliers in over 50 countries. In many instances, IKEA circulates its idea within supplier rings and encourages them to compete for the production package. sometimes to meet the base price, IKEA will have one design with pieces from some(prenominal) different suppliers.3. Existing CompetitorsTraditional Furniture stores are abundant in America. There are none exactly like IKEA in the United States. Therefore IKEA has an advantage over those traditional stores that have high priced furniture. If that is notwhat the consumer is looking for, then they can go to IKEA for quality, less expensive furniture with a modern design edge.4. Potential Competitors/Entry BarriersSince IKEA is such a unique, original idea/store it would be very hard to copy the totality of IKEAs culture. A store could probably duplicate one or two of the things which compose IKEAs atmosphere but they would fail in other aspects. Like, a store could try and copy the Scandinavian design niche but it would be hard and unauthentic (like what IKEA embodies) without the Scandinavian heritage.5. Indirect Competitors/SubstitutesWal-mart, Target, Office Depot and other low-cost suppliers are indirect competitors in the fact they do offer low-priced furniture that consumers assemble themselves. However, these indirect substitutes differ in the fact that these are general retailers instead of where IKEA is a specific retailer of home goods. Target, for instance, retails apparel, accessories, home goods, groceries, office products and cleaning supplies.IKEA Strategy and strategic optionsCompany visionIKEAs vision has from the start been To create a get out everyday life for the majority of people.IKEAs business concept originates in the closing to meet a need that no other company appeared implicated with and led it to develop a niche market manufacturing beautiful, inexpensive and long-wearing furniture for the majority of people.27 I. Kamprad states that IKEA should stand on the sideof the majority of people, which involves taking on more responsibility than might at first bet to bethe case.28 A recent example is the companys exceptionally costly fall upon into the Russian market,but considered necessary as affordable furniture is a pressing need for the Russian population.29 Thedemocratic design also involves representing the interests of intermediate people and getting rid ofdesigns, which are difficult and expensive to produce, nonetheless if it is easy to sell.30 The concept wasformalized in 1976 in Ingvar Kamprads thesis will of a Furniture Dealer, which became animportant way to spread the IKEA philosophy.31 The fundamental finis was and is to provideaffordable furniture for the people and cost cutting is come upon to achieving this. Cost-consciousness is astrong part of the business idea and the waste of resources is considered a mortal sin at IKEA32. Byensuring that ordinary people are able to afford to furnish their homes beautifully, many associateIKEA with a company that stands on the side of the little person and this is a positive public figure for acompany to have. In addition to this, I. Kamprad had another daydream the dream of good capitalismwhich is the idea that the good in a profit-making business can be combined with a lasting socialvision. This implies the coating of developing and achieving a better future for IKEAs customers as wellas people working for IKEA believing that by working for IKEA, they are working for a better societyand thereby contributing to a better world.33